About Erectile Dysfunction: Erectile Dysfunction

Chapter 2

The Causes of Erectile Dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction usually has more than one cause, and this chapter explains the main ones. It begins with physical causes, particularly cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, and explains how atherosclerosis can reduce blood flow to the penis as well as the heart. Neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease and spinal cord disorders are covered, along with hormonal problems. The chapter then looks at psychological factors including stress, anxiety, depression and relationship difficulties, medications that can affect sexual function, and lifestyle habits like heavy drinking, smoking and illicit drug use.

Chapter 3

Symptoms & Diagnosis

Recognising and diagnosing erectile dysfunction. The chapter lists the key symptoms, from difficulty getting or keeping an erection to reduced sexual satisfaction. It introduces the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), a scoring system covering areas such as erectile strength, orgasm and desire, which can help you assess your symptoms before seeing a doctor. It then explains what a medical assessment usually involves: questions about symptoms and medical and sexual history, a physical examination and possibly blood tests, imaging and a review of medications. The importance of early diagnosis, and possible referral to a specialist, is also covered.

Chapter 4

The Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction

ED cannot always be cured, but its symptoms can be managed, and this chapter explains how. It starts by encouraging open conversations with healthcare providers despite the embarrassment many people feel. It then sets out the treatment options, beginning with lifestyle changes such as exercise, a balanced diet and cutting out smoking, alcohol and drugs. Sex therapy is discussed for psychological causes, and oral PDE-5 inhibitors are explained as the usual first-line medication, with testosterone sometimes added for men with low androgen levels. Devices and surgery, such as a penile prosthesis, are described as a last resort.